The United States Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States, ratified in 1791. Written primarily by James Madison, these amendments protect fundamental freedoms such as speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to bear arms. They limit governmental power and guarantee legal protections, including fair trials and protection from cruel punishment. Created in response to fears of federal overreach, the Bill of Rights reassured citizens that individual liberties would remain secure under the new Constitution. Today, it stands as a cornerstone of American democracy and a global symbol of civil rights and constitutional governance.